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A Short Life of Swami Vivekananda


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His Majesty's Opponent, By Sugata Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945) – affectionately known as Netaji, "the revered leader" of India's struggle against the British Raj - was an unusual His Majesty's Opponent. He came from a middle-class, affluent Bengali family. Unlike the Gurkhas or the Panjabis, the colonial government regarded the Bengalis as a "non-martial race".
He studied at Cambridge, passed the bureaucratic Indian Civil Service examination with good results, admired the openness of English society and later married a Western woman. And yet he was the staunchest firebrand of all Indian nationalists. Early in his political career, he successfully campaigned to remove Lord Curzon's offensive "Black Hole" memorial of 1901 from a prime spot in Kolkata.
The account of Bose's adventurous escape from house arrest and constant surveillance in Kolkata to Nazi Germany would humble Osama Bin Laden's ingenuity. His accidental death in a plane crash in Taipei finally turned Bose into a legendary hero.
I grew up in Kolkata with the stories of his derring-do in my school history primer. His garlanded moon-faced portrait hung at a prominent place in our home among other Bengali worthies. Later, I read about his disagreements with Gandhi and Nehru and his association with Hitler and Mussolini during the Second World War, and felt uncomfortable with his politics - though I knew of Rabindranath Tagore's endorsement of Bose as a prospective political leader of India in 1939.
At the height of Nazism in Europe, he absconded to Germany and lived with his German wife-to-be, enjoying the privileges of an expatriate diplomat and political ally. Even the Führer had to address him as "Your Excellency" and allowed him the facilities for regular broadcasts into India.
Though Bose's first communiqué from Germany after his departure created a stir when he announced that the Germans were going to defeat the British and that India was about to win her freedom, his words had little impact. By then, Mahatma Gandhi had already launched his "Quit India" movement with mass support.
Undeterred, Bose began creating an Indian Legion from about 3000 Indian soldiers of the British Army captured by the Italians as POWs. In spite of the soldiers' pledge of loyalty to the colonial army, Bose managed to persuade them to join him by speaking individually and promising appropriate rank, salary, benefits and, of course, certain victory. He had an excellent gift of speech. Strategically, Bose expected that when the German army, approaching from the southern USSR and the Middle East reached India with newly-converted Indian soldiers in the frontline, the colonial army would be hesitant to attack them. Even if they did, the Indians would protest at the massacre of Indian soldiers.
In theory it was a win-win scenario, but actually Bose's masterplan ended in disaster. Germany's defeat at El Alamein in 1942 halted Hitler's progress and the Indian Legion's leadership and morale collapsed. Ultimately, Bose's men were absorbed into the retreating German army; some joined the French resistance, others deserted.
After Japan's victory at Pearl Harbor, thousands of Indian soldiers in the Allied forces fell into Japanese hands. Once again Bose began to organise an Indian unit to attack British India from Japanese-occupied territory at the India-Burma border. Hitler helped to transport him secretly in a German submarine to the coast of Mozambique, where he boarded another submarine bound for south-east Asia.
The Japanese prime-minister Tojo welcomed Bose and regarded him as the Indian head of state in exile. Without any qualms about Japanese war atrocities, Bose was comfortable with his reception. He then took charge of a pre-existing Indian National Army (INA) with integrated regiments of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; more significantly, he established a female brigade – the Rani Jhansi Bahini – celebrating the rebel queen who fought the British in 1857.
He formed a provisional government of Azad Hind in Singapore during October 1943, collected tax, enforced laws, recruited soldiers and acquired a personal motorcade, aircraft and honour guards He also designed the tricolor Indian national flag of saffron, white and green horizontal stripes with a leaping tiger, reminiscent of Tipu Sultan's mechanical toy. Though Bose's INA once reached a peak strength of 50,000, his flawed logistics and an untimely monsoon caused them a heavy defeat at Imphal.
Bose boarded a Japanese bomber in Saigon on his way to China, once again preparing to attack British India from a Russian territory. The plane crashed in Taipei, fatally injuring him. He died in a Japanese military hospital on 18 August 1945.
This competent biography by Bose's great-nephew, a historian, is the best work to date to clarify some of his paradoxes. With unpublished material from family archives and public records, Sugata Bose supplies a fuller back-story of Netaji's predicaments. The book has illuminated my understanding of a controversial and charismatic Indian militarist who remains inspirational to many in India, despite his questionable status in the global politics of the period.
Krishna Dutta's 'Calcutta: a cultural and literary history' is published by Signal

http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/his-majestys-opponent-by-sugata-bose-2318119.html

Binoy Modak 3 weeks ago

Like
the dog's tail, which will never straighten out, Mr.
Krishna Dutta like the liar Sugato Bose again made the propaganda on Bose's
DEATH THEORY. While the Taiwanese government officially denied the existence
of the said plane crash [No
crash at Taipei that killed Netaji: Taiwan govt : http://news.outlookindia.com/i...], then what is the purpose of
these lying ? Even the US intelligence affirmed that Bose did not die
in the plane crash. [Bose did not die in plane crash, affirms US intelligence -

http://www.rediff.com/news/200...].
So stop this nuisance and be careful for your future.



No crash at Taipei that killed Netaji: Taiwan govt

Kolkata, Feb 4 (PTI) The Taiwan Government has informed the one-man Netaji Commission of Inquiry that there was no air crash at Taihoku on August 18, 1945, till date believed to have killed Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.
Disclosing this to newspersons after a routine hearing of the Commission here, Justice M K Mukherjee said that the Taiwan Government has confirmed to the Commission during its recent visit to that country that no plane crashed at Taihoku between August 14 and September 20, 1945.
Justice Mukherjee said that the Taiwanese authorities, who confirmed this fact, promised to provide documentary proof within 15 days.

"During the period August 14 to October 25, 1945, no evidence shows that one plane had ever crashed at the old Matsuyama Airport (now Taipei Domestic Airport) carrying Mr Subhas Chandra Bose", Justice Mukherjee said quoting an e-mail sent by Lin Ling-San, Minister of Transportation and Communication, Taiwan government, to Anuj Dhar, a journalist.
The commission, which was provided two e-mails reportedly sent by Taiwanese authorities to Dhar, said "the Mayor of Taipei and the External Affairs Ministry of Taiwan government confirmed us the e-mails to be genuine".
According to one e-mail, there was no air crash during that period while the other made a reference to a crash on September 20-23, 1945, involving a USC-47 Transporter plane carrying 26 people, most of them believed to be former American POWs just released from camps in the Philippines.
That plane, the e-mail said, crashed on Mount Trident in Taitung area, about 200 nautical miles away from Taipei.

Justice Mukherjee said the Commission had asked Taiwan government to send some documents from the National Archives of Taiwan as also government records.
"We sought some documents, including the daily newspaper reports published in and from Taipei during August 18-24, 1945, containing any reference to Bose," he said.
The Commission has also sought documents related to cremation of dead people during that period at the old crematorium in Taipei and some records from the national archives for the years 1943-45, 1956, 1967 and 1973.
"They (Taiwan government) have asked for 15 days to despatch those records to us", he added.
Meanwhile, the Commission has examined a witness in Bangkok during its visit to Thailand.
The witness, Shk Husamuddin B Kapasi, ex-President of Indo-Thai Chamber of Commerce, informed the Commission that he had learnt from his father, a member of the Indian National Army and close associate of Netaji, that Bose had died in the crash.
The Commission, which would hold its hearing thrice a week during February for cross-examining witnesses, would wrap up its findings and finalise the report by May 15, 2005, as asked by the Centre, Justice Mukherjee said.
"We are not going to seek any extension. We will finalise our report by May 14", he added.

Justice Mukherjee, who heard the submissions of Dr Purabi Roy on the reported stay and death of Netaji in Russia after August 18, 1945, said he could not take those as evidence without cross-examination.
"We cannot take the submissions as evidences without cross-examination, which will require a visit to Russia", he said, adding that a visit to that country was "very unlikely" given the deadline for the report.
Dr Roy, a researcher of the Asiatic Society and a visiting lecturer at St Petersburg University, submitted 53 documents before the commission.
While refusing to comment if the commission's inquiry would be incomplete without a visit to Russia, Justice Mukherjee said "given a chance, we will go there as it will help the inquiry. The previous commissions also had not visited Russia as the claims were not put before them".



Bose did not die in plane crash, affirms US intelligence

September 19, 2005 20:12 IST

A United States intelligence report, sent to the enquiry panel probing the disappearance of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, has corroborated the evidence provided by the Taiwan government that no air crash had occurred at Taipei airport or anywhere in that country on August 18, 1945, in which the Indian leader was supposed to have been killed.

In 1964 CIA thought Netaji was alive
In response to a questionnaire sent by Justice M K Mukherjee Commission to several countries, the US administration said there was no aircrash in Taiwan on the day when Netaji was supposed to have been killed in a plane crash at Taipei's Taihoku Airport, Bose's nephew and Forward Bloc MP, Subrata Bose, told reporters in New Delhi [ Images ].
He also said the Union Home Ministry, during the tenure of L K Advani [ Images ], had refused to give two files to the panel pertaining to the reported 1945 incident on the grounds that the information, if disclosed, would affect India's [ Images ] relations with some friendly countries.
Retd Pak army official saw Netaji's body: Book
He urged the United Progrssive Alliance government to provide those files to the enquiry panel.
Bose, who is part of an eight-member team accompanying Justice Mukherjee on a ten-day visit to Russia [ Images ] on Tuesday, said, "we do not hope that Netaji is alive. But why should we not know what had actually happened to the great leader. It is a right of the people of the country."
Netaji probe may get extension
Maintaining that there were reports in erstwhile KGB and Russian President's archives as also research articles that Netaji was "actually in Russia in 1946," he said the one-man panel's visit to Moscow [ Images ], St Petersburg [ Images ] and two Siberian towns of Irkutsk and Omsk, would be "significant" in this regard.
Bose said the commission, besides going through the archival materials, would strive to confirm information given by "various persons from time to time" that Netaji was imprisoned at Irkutsk and Omsk.
Communists misunderstood Netaji
The panel would be holding hearings in these two Siberian cities as well as in Moscow and St Petersburg to ascertain the writings of several research scholars in this regard.
Earlier, the Taiwan government had officially stated that there was no crash in its entire territory on that day.
It had also given documentary evidence of the relevant crematorium that no one called Subhash Chandra Bose or Ichiro Okuda (a pseudonym given to Netaji by the Japanese government) was cremated during the period.
Graves of Netaji's troops found in Austria
There was also no such evidence about 4 other Japanese officials who accompanied Netaji on that aircraft which was supposed to have transported him to Manchuria for onward journey to the Soviet Union, Bose said.
Besides the Russian archival materials and research papers, there were evidences by two Indians, associated with the Indian National Army headed by Netaji, that one had met him at Omsk prison (and he also gave the prisoner number to the erstwhile enquiry panels) and the other claimed he had met Netaji in China.
End search for Subhash Chandra Bose: SC
Following these instances, another Indian reseacher Purabi Roy, who is also travelling to Moscow with the enquiry panel, unearthed documents from KGB and the Presidential files referring to Netaji's presence in the Soviet Union at that time, the Forward Bloc leader said.
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